The atoms bond because there is a strong enough attraction in both directions and room for the electrons in the outer energy level of the atoms. When two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom get close ...

In the water molecule, the oxygen and hydrogen atoms share electrons in covalent bonds. There are a total of 10 protons and 10 electrons, so the water molecule is neutral. The electron cloud model ...

It is relative to hydrogen which was assigned a value of 2.20 on the Pauling scale. In an oxygen (O2) molecule, both atoms have the same electronegativity. The electrons in the covalent bond are ...

More information: Pouya Hosseini et al, Shedding Light on the Active Species in a Cobalt‐Based Covalent Organic Framework for the Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Advanced Science (2024).